Math Activities: One-to-One Correspondence

The concept of one-to-one correspondence requires two skills: (1) matching pairs and (2) comparing sets. Matching places two like items together as a pair while comparing determines which set has more or less. In these projects, the key is to focus on the language, emphasizing mathematical terms.

Books to Read
The following books teach one-to-one correspondence using stories. I love the impact a story has on a child’s understanding, and these books do a great job of packaging the mathematical ideas in a way that young children can comprehend.

Two of Everything: A Chinese Folk Tale by Lily Toy Hong
Knots on a Counting Rope by Bill Martin Jr. and John Archambault
Seaweed Soup by Stuart J. Murphy
A Pair of Socks by Stuart J. Murphy
Missing Mittens by Stuart J. Murphy
Monster Musical Chairs by Stuart J. Murphy
Just Enough Carrots by Stuart J. Murphy
Some Things Go Together by Charlotte Zolotow


Projects to Learn Matching
Project #1 – Take opportunity to point out situations where there is a matching set. Word emphasis: match, even, pair, each.

“There are three cups and three straws. It is even.”
“Three children and three cookies. It is a match!”
“A pair of socks for your feet. One foot for each sock, and one sock for each foot.”

Project #2 – Provide the following items and allow the children to sort into pairs. Word emphasis: pair, match.

1 ice cube tray
2 screws
2 washers
2 electrical circuit binders
2 matching butterfly clips
2 matching hair pins
2 pennies
2 matching buttons

Project #3 – Have a tea party with stuffed bears. Set one place setting for each bear. You could say, “One seat for each bear, and one bear for each seat.” Word emphasis: each.

Project #4 – Serve a lunch with matching shapes to make their own snacks. I used cookie cutters to cut the bread, cheese, and lunch meat into matching shapes. I provided at least two different shapes so that they would have to find the match in order to build their sandwiches. Word emphasis: match.

Project #5 – Play the memory game. Word emphasis: pair, match.

Project #6 – Get the kids involved in the laundry. The kids can sort socks and match outfits. Word emphasis: pair, match.

Project #7 – Sort through shoes or mittens to find their matches. We have a pile of shoes in storage for the kids to grow into and a box of mittens put away for the summer. Jumble them up, and have the kids sort them. Word emphasis: pair, match.

Project #8 – Have the children set the dinner table. Give the following instructions, “Set one plate, one fork, and one cup for each person.” Word emphasis: each.


Projects to Learn Comparing
Project #1 – Take opportunity to point out situations where there is not enough or there is too much to go around. Word emphasis: more, less, fewer, even.

“Oops, I grabbed one straw too many. There are three cups and four straws. There are more straws than cups.”
“We have six chairs at our table, but only four people in the family sitting at the table. That leaves two empty chairs because there are more chairs than people.”
“Today we have company, so we have eight people and only six chairs. We have fewer chairs than people, so we will need two more chairs.”
“Three children and four cookies. There are more cookies. If I eat one, it will be even.”

Project #2 – Invite the children to collect toys to put inside two hula hoops. Then count to see which hula hoop has more toys and which has fewer. Ask, “Which set of toys has more? Which set has fewer?” Word emphasis: set, more, fewer, even.

Project #3 – Pour two cups of water and compare the volume. Which cup has more? Which has less? Word emphasis: more, less, even.

Project #4 – Make sugar cookies and put chocolate chips on the frosting. Compare two cookies to see which has more chocolate chips. For an added lesson, determine how many chocolate chips need to be added to make them even. Word emphasis: more, fewer, even.

Overall Approach and Focused Lessons

We recently looked at our state legal requirements as M will be in first grade next year. This upcoming school year will be our first "formal" homeschooling experience. It is not that this year was not real homeschooling; it is that I determined that kindergarten would be a trial period. If I could not do it and work too, then we could just say that we held her back a year.

So looking at the state requirements, I began to think ahead to what we would cover over the next year. With this in mind, I write today on our overall homeschooling (unschooling) approach.


READING, WRITING, AND LANGUAGE
I do not cover every subject in the course of a day, or even in the course of a week. Instead, I focus on skills I want them to learn to prepare for the future. I once heard someone complain about their kid's school: they spend one week on a math concept, and before the kid has mastered it, they are on to the next skill.

It is not that we do not do other lessons other than the skill that we currently learn, but the other stuff is "life." Art, music, and reading are things we do to enjoy life, very much like playing. It is what kids do.

Right now, M's focus is on writing now that reading is doing so well. She still reads, of course, but I no longer have to sit with her and help her through it. So, to cover writing, I write the story, and she copies it. My purpose in this to guide her towards writing on the lines (this was a major problem) and towards learning to spell, and now I am using it for vocabulary words too. She loves to write so much that, to her, this is a fun activity.

R's focus is language. To prepare her to read, I encourage her to talk. Several times a week, I sequester myself in her room with her at bedtime, and the two of us read books together. Sometimes, I read, and we talk about the book. Other times, I encourage her to make up the story for me. We also have a game that we call "The Floor," which teaches them not to interrupt and to take turns talking. We play this game at dinner, and whoever has "the floor" gets to tell a story. Normally, she let's M do the talking for her, and this gives her the opportunity to talk and not be interrupted.

ART
So, we focus on one subject that seems to need work, and then we have lots of fun in other areas, like art and music and math games. Art is something that we do everyday. The girls have access to art supplies (markers, crayons, paint, chalk, paper), and they often make up their own projects. We got some craft books, so every few days, we do a more formal craft.

For Christmas, we got for the girls a lot of sewing kits and some wooden models in order to explore new areas of art, other than paper-oriented crafts.

MUSIC
Music appreciation is also a constant part of our day. Little Einstein's opens their eyes to great composers, and then they just about go haywire over that piece of music. Stravinsky's Firebird is one of their favorites. We also have children's music for them and they each have their own CD player that they are always listening to.

In the upcoming year, we have some plans to increase their music education by giving them access to some music programs on the computer and then to enroll them in some piano lessons.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Physical education is also part of being a kid. As long as they are not put in front of the TV, they will exercise, and we often take nature walks and ride bikes--when the weather is not so cold.

We intend to increase this by enrolling the girls into some YMCA classes: swimming, dance, and gymnastics.

MATH
Unfortunately, math fell by the wayside for a little bit of time as we focused more on language, but truthfully, I think that is only because I am still used to the typical school math curriculum, which is all paper oriented. What we do with math is focused on R, and so I use a lot of games and activities that I found in the Count On Math book. We justed started chapter five, which is about one-to-one correspondance, and I doubt we will be on the topic long because M & R seem to both have already mastered the concept.

At the same time, we have worked with M on adding. She did it on paper using a number bar, but I wanted to take her away from the paper and see it more visually. So I took eleven blocks and three pieces of paper. On one paper, I placed 1 block, and on another paper, I put zero blocks. Finally, on the third paper, I wrote "1 + 0 =" in one column and "0 + 1 =" in another column. We did that ten times, adding one more block each time, to help her understand adding by ones. The next day, we added by twos.

We also started using paper and objects to practice counting by 2's, 5's, and 10's. I would set blocks in groups of twos and have her count them, and then I would reinforce the lesson by writing all the numbers 1-20 and putting circles around the even numbers. I'd have her read the circled numbers, and then we would go back to counting the blocks.

We also have some math workbooks that we have not used in a while. Very shortly, M will focus on her workbooks instead of writing.

SCIENCE
Last summer, we spent a lot of time on science. It was a natural part of our exploration and part of our reading. We actually have a first grade science curriculum that we have worked more than halfway through. We have covered plants, animals, insects, and weather. I treat the book as more of an idea book. I get a few worksheets that the girls enjoy, which I use to introduce a subject, and it has some good book suggestions. But for each chapter that they offer a week's worth of lessons, we plunge into the topic for at least a month.

Right now, we are learning about birds because the girls expressed some interest in the topic. M was birdwatching and making up names for the birds she saw (she called one a "sweet bird" because it likes to eat sweet stuff, according to her), so we got out our old field guide and also ordered some books from the library.

SOCIAL STUDIES
Social studies includes history and geography as well as building an understanding of our world. We just went through the Little House in the Big Woods, which is great for learning about history and for seeing the world from a very different perspective.

Now we are about to embark on a new road: a study of the different cultures of the world. M has a Dora World Adventure CD that has music from many different cultures, so I will use that as a means to branch into this new area. We will post a world map on our living room wall, and then we will focus on each of the major countries. The map will be a reference point as we move from culture to culture.

We will start with Russia because that is where Stravinsky's Firebird takes place, and so the girls have heard of Russia before. I have ordered from the library books that cover art, music, stories, food, and even a little of the language too.

Facing Opposition

Many people support us in our home schooling quest while others lecture us on the fallacies of our choice, and still others (grandparents) outright oppose us. Someone told us that we could not effectively discipline our children, that children need to learn that the world does not revolve around them and that they will only learn that by being one out of many.



In some ways, there is truth there. Children need to learn that they don't run the universe. In other ways, there is a big nasty lie in that message because learning that you are just one in a million does not teach you that you are not in charge. It only teaches you that there is nothing special about you and that blending into society, hiding in the masses, is the best road for life. Living by society's standards and getting by with the status quo is not the road to freedom on which our founding fathers built this nation.



Facing the opinions of others has been one of my most challenging homeschooling dilemmas. I faced it with the "I am going to prove them wrong" mantra and then overdid the homeschooling efforts until we all burned out. I really should not have allowed myself to be concerned. The appropriate response was to let it go and to carry on as normal.


So this last weekend, the grandparents came to visit. Memaw was quite impressed with our progress. She joined in with our art activities, and we talked a lot about M's progress, how well she can read, etc. We talked about R, and what she is doing too. Then Memaw talked about when TJ was young and how she taught him many things before he even started school. I did not say it, but she really was an unschooling mother. She told me how she never set out to teach him anything, but she answered his questions, which is how he learned to read and tell time before he even started kindergarten.

These last few visits, not one word of opposition has been said. The truth is we do not need to argue with opposers. When we procede as usual, the results will speak for themselves.

I think the one criticism most misinformed people state is "socialization." And I have met my share of annoying, bratty, "unsocialized" homeschooled children, especially when I was a kid. But I have also met my share of annoying, bratty, "unsocialized" schooled children as well. Being thrown in a school does not make you "socialized."

When my oldest was just a baby, I remember meeting one young lady who was homeschooled. Every time I spoke to her, it shocked me to think she was only 6. She talked with confidence, she looked you in the eye, she acted like an adult. She had no bigotry based on age as she seemed to think of herself as an equal--but not in a bratty way.

homonyms and compound words

I mentioned before the writing exercises that we did as part of our lessons. These lessons were originally meant to build M's handwriting skills: to keep her words on a straight line and approximately the same size. This has been a great success, and so I started using this to build vocabulary and other skills. One thing I wanted to help her learn is about homonyms and compound words.

The following story uses the compound word "pancake" and the following homonyms: cent, sent, and scent.

Big Sister Dog and the Pancake
Big Sister Dog smelled the scent of a fresh pancake. It smelled so good that she wanted to have one, but it cost one penny. One penny is a cent, but Big Sister Dog had no money. So M sent her one cent. Then Big Sister Dog bought the fresh pancake and ate it all up. The End.


NOTE: You can replace "Big Sister Dog" with an imaginary friend of your own making and replace my daughter's name with your child's own name.

no labels, no comparisons

There is this book that M loves to read. It is called Pip & Squeak, a story about two mice. Well, Pip and Squeak are brothers who live in the same house but cannot tolerate each other. Pip is an artist, and Squeak is a singer/songwriter. The two brothers are always saying things like, "My side will be cleaner than your side," and "My cart is faster than your cart!" Ugh. Finally, in the end, the two brothers realize that they can overcome their differences and work together.

Now let me tell you: I hate this book. I cannot stand reading it, even though she loves it. It is not because I have to read it over and over and over again, which as many parents know, that can be frustrating. No, it is the whole idea of labels and comparisons that makes me dislike the book so much.

After reading it one day, M said to me, "I cannot like R because she does not love to dance." I thought this was a crazy statement because R loved to dance since she could walk, but what bothered me most was the thinking that went behind this statement. These are the things she was saying with this statement:

(1) I can only be one thing (i.e. dancer, singer, artist, scientist, athlete, etc.).
(2) I cannot explore any of the areas outside by one label.
(3) I cannot be friends with anyone who does not share the same label as me.

When the children were little, I used to watch them to see their interests, and based on that, I'd give them a label. M was the artist (right-brained), and R was the analytical one (left-brained). I thought it was a compliment: what a great thing to be an artist, that's who you are, and what a great thing to be analytical . . .

However, people do not fit into categories like that. I am a software test analyst, that is what I get paid for, but that is not who I am. I am a mother, a wife, an author, an artist, a dancer, an appreciater of good music, a cook, a home educator, an eternal student, a Christian, a teacher, a thinker, a philosopher.

No labels. God does not look at us and see only a fraction of who we are. He sees every part of us, and he values our multifaceted personalities. We were made in the image of God. Just as he is a creator, builder, artist, musician, lover, friend, and father, so we are so much more than a label that we have accepted for ourselves.

So no labels. And no comparisons.

I might not be coordinated or naturally good at athletics, but that does not mean that I do not find any benefit in exercise. It is good for my health. It is good for my well-being. I have no intention of competing in the Olympics, but that does not mean that I should not pursue a sport.

I am not Mozart, but that does not mean that I do not bring value to the musical world. Someone may be able to play a piece of music technically perfect, but they cannot give it the same emotion that I can give. There is more to music and art than perfection, and no one else can capture my depth of feeling like I can. Someone might be better at scrapbooking, but I can scrapbook my pictures with more love than they can.

You cannot compare Van Gogh with Renoir. There is no value of one over the other. Sometimes Van Gogh had odd proportions and angles, but the vivid colors portray a world that no one else can imitate. Renoir used more sedated colors, but the romantic feel of the characters in his paintings cannot be matched by anyone. If every artist produced the same style or the same work of art, then there would be no reason to go to an art museum.

It seems kind of obvious why we should not compare children in a negative manner to another: "Your sister's room is always neat, but yours is always a mess. . . " Those kind of statements are painful. But statements like "You are always so much neater than your sister" can be just as destructive. The message is "I am valued only because of what I can do. I better make sure that I keep that status and hope that I am always better than my sister. What would happen if my room gets a mess? Or if my sister's room is cleaner than mine? Would they still love me?"

The fact is no one else defines us but ourselves. What other people do or do not do has nothing to do with our value. Just because someone else has curly hair does not mean that my straight hair is terrible. Just because someone else has darker skin, does not mean that my light skin is awful. If every woman looked the same, acted the same, talked the same, men would eventually be bored with women.

We were not meant to be carbon copies of each other. You cannot compare apples and oranges. You just cannot define yourself by who someone else is or by what someone else can do, whether you think they are better than you or worse than you. All you can be is the best you that you can be. You don't win the race by being first. You win by getting up in the morning, getting to the starting line, and running the race until you get to the end.

It is time to give our children the opportunity of living with no labels and no comparisons.

discipline vs. punishment

I think of punishment as "I am going to make you pay." On the other hand, I see discipline as a means of teaching a lesson. The question is: what lessons are you teaching? Have you thought through what it is you want your kids to take to adulthood?

Mindless obedience is actually not a characteristic that I want my kids to have. Why? Because that is the road to giving into peer pressure. If you want your kids to say no to drugs, no to sexual predators, no to the teenage boy who wants to climb into the backseat, no to shoplifting, then you have to teach them something more than mindless obedience.

One of the marks of homeschooled children is their innovative minds. Homeschooled children, especially those that are unschooled, have not been forced to fit into society's mold. For schools to function, children must be forced to conform, but homeschooled children excel simply because they are allowed to ask questions in the classroom and explore new ideas. That is one of our purposes as parents: to teach our kids to soar.

And yet, we do not want to raise kids who have no ability to understand someone else's needs. Children need boundaries and consequences

Discipline Tool #1: The Statement of Disatisfaction

There are four things a kid needs to know when they have done something wrong:

(1) specifically what they did
(2) how it made you feel
(3) why it was wrong
(4) what they should have done instead

For example, "I do not like it when you leave your toys in the living room. It frustrates me to have to pick up after you, and someone could trip over this and get hurt. I would prefer that your toys stay in your room."

This gives the child a clear picture of what and why. One thing that can frustrate a child is not knowing what they did wrong and how they can fix what they did. One day, R was twirling in a circle with her doll flung out, and several times she hit or almost hit M with the doll. R had no idea that she had hit her sister, and when she got in trouble for it, she was crushed.

"I do not think she knows what she did wrong," I told TJ, and so he took the doll and illustrated how it could hit someone. Suddenly she was so happy because now she knew why she was in trouble. Next time she paid more attention to where she was standing when she danced with her doll.

It also gives them a way to make amends. When a child is punished rather than disciplined, the message is that there is nothing the child can do to turn things around. The ability to make amends helps a child grow and mature, but it also helps them step out of the position of being the "bad" kid. Making amends is a means of healing, and it gives the child a sense that they are not always bad, that they can do good things too.

This also teaches them to see things from another's perspective. We want our children to think for themselves, but we also want them to realize how their actions can hurt someone else. Knowing that they violated your boundaries or hurt you in some way builds an awareness for the needs of others.

Discipline Tool #2: Choices

I have a hard time doing this one because this requires a lot of creativity and quick thinking. You use this as a means to declare the consequences for their actions as a warning before you take action.

So you give them two choices, like "Either clean your room or I will confiscate your toys. Your choice." Or when you are on a walk around the neighborhood, say "Either hold my hand when we cross the street or we can go home. Your choice." I like adding the "your choice" at the end because it reminds them that they determine their own path but they do not get to set the consequences for your behavior.

Discipline Tool #3: Consequences

Life consists of natural consequences. If you jump off a cliff, you will fall down and will probably get hurt. If you do not work when you are at your job, you will get fired and won't get paid. If you don't study for your test, you will get a bad grade. If you don't clean up the kitchen, you won't have room to cook dinner. If you eat too much candy, you will get a stomach ache. If you spend too much money using a credit card, you will have too many bills.

How many times do we protect our children from the natural consequences of their actions? They spend their money on candy and then don't have enough for to buy that toy they have been wanting. So we buy them the toy. We bail them out when they get in trouble at school, or we bring them their stuff that they forgot. Or we clean up after them when they should clean up after themselves.

Letting them face the consequences of their actions prepares them for the future. Imagine what it would be like to have someone always picking up after you, fixing your failures, intervening when you are in trouble, handling all your problems, and then suddenly you are on your own and you have to do it all yourself. As adults, our children will not have anyone to talk their boss out of firing them or their college professor out of failing them. If they don't clean up after themselves, there will no one to do it for them. If they waste their time, money, or resources, there will be no one to bail them out.

This is about taking action. Rather than being wishy washy parents, we move with a purpose. We set the boundaries. We hold the boundaries. We are not weaklings. You cannot walk all over us.

There are two ways where applying consequences can be hard: (1) for the soft-hearted and the guilt-ridden, it is easy to cave and (2) sometimes it is hard to know what the natural consequences should be. Thinking of discipline in terms of consequences may be a hard at first, knowing in any given situation what to apply. So let me give a few suggestions on ones that I had a hard time coming up with natural consequences for.

Acting out with backtalk, whining, or temper tantrums: If it was another adult acting out in this way, how would I respond? Generally I think I would avoid that person, thinking of them as annoying or unhelpful to my wellbeing. Therefore, the natural response would be to ignore the child who is acting out. However, sometimes I really don't want to hear it. The whining or the temper tantrum gets on my nerves, so I send them to their room.

Acting out is usually an attempt to get attention in a negative manner, and even a negative response fuels the behavior. Ignoring it rather than fixing it or punishing it works wonders, and they learn that they don't get what they want when they whine, backtalk or throw a tantrum.

Not cleaning up or taking care of personal items: There are two natural consequences, depending on the situation:

First, if you cannot take care of your stuff, then you should not have it, and it will be taken from you. Children need lots of chances to try again because that is how people learn, so if you take something away, I recommend a temporary basis. However, just how "temporary" is up to you. If your children have a pet that they are not taking care of and all of your efforts have not changed anything, then it may be time to get rid of the pet. However, maybe six months or a year down the road, you will get another pet.

Second, if you have not finished the previous activity by cleaning up, you do not get to participate in the next activity. It is a simple as that. One thing at a time. Finish what you started first.

Bad Manners: If someone does not say please and thank you, you are not going to want to do nice things for them. No one wants to serve without being appreciated.

Discipline Method #4: Problem Solving

Problem Solving could be its own blog entry all on its own, so I'll just describ what it is. I'll leave how to use it for another day.

This discipline method is often used for reoccurring problems. When you have done everything right and it is still a problem, then what? You sit down and have a brain storming session to figure out how to solve the problem.

We had an issue with M & R getting on the potty in time. We would say, "You are dancing around. I think you should get on the potty." They would say no, that they don't need to go. Then five minutes later, they'd have an accident.

We set consequences that they knew in advance. We would also make them help clean up the mess. And we would express how much it upset and frustrate us. And it was still an issue.

Finally I sat down with a pad of paper and a pen. Why do we have problems going potty? Well, M did not want to go because she did not want to wash her hands afterward and she did not want to stop what she was doing. And R wanted someone to take her and wanted help getting on the potty and washing her hands (she is still a little short to reach the sink).

So we brainstormed and came up with some ideas,

• a basket of books in the bathroom so that bathroom trips are not so boring
• an interesting picture on the wall to look at
• a container of wipes for washing hands
• a step stool for R to reach the sink
• someone (even M if mommy and daddy are busy) can take R to the bathroom

Does it work perfectly? Not always, but we are making progress.

However, the girls learn some important things with this. They learn that mommy and daddy are willing to sit down and listen to them and hear their perspective on discipline issues. That will be an important thing once they become teenagers. Rather than feeling like no one understands or that no one cares, they get the chance to come side by side with their parents and find ways to discipline themselves.

They learn how to work out their problems with others, how to handle confrontations, and how to brainstorm, all great skills that they will use for the rest of their lives.

Autonomy & Discipline

Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish are my favorite authors on parenting. They wrote several books that I love. One thing they said is that if you are frustrated, than you are doing too much and it is time to delegate. Boy, have I been frustrated!

I set up a morning and evening routine to teach the girls to pick up after themselves, which was rewarded with a quarter each time they complete one routine. This could add up to 14 quarters in one week, and I thought that if I pushed them to make these routines habits and they realized the reward they would eventually do it on their own.

Well, I spent more time walking them through their routine than I did taking care of my own responsibilities. After an hour and a half of putting them to bed (that includes helping them get on the potty, clean their rooms, get their pajamas on, put their dirty clothes in the hamper, brushing their teeth, and reading umpteen books), I had no energy to do my own chores.

So I finally realized that I should give them the autonomy to do their own routine. I sent them off to their rooms to clean while I did my own thing, and when I went to check on them, nothing was done. They were playing, and I honestly felt there was no reason that the chore could not be done within fifteen minutes.

So I started giving a timer with the consequences that I would confiscate anything that was not picked up within fifteen minutes. I warned them up front what the consequences would be. Wll, M & R both started cleaning up just their favorite toys and then telling me that I can take whatever is left.

"Okay, Mommy," they would say, "you can confiscate my toys now."

So I would confiscate whatever was left out. Although I warned them and they seemed fine with that, they got quite upset when we took some of their favorite toys that they had overlooked. For a few days, the rooms remained clean until they got their toys back from timeout.

M has a tendency to play with every toy she owns throughout the day, and when cleanup time comes, the task is excruciating. There have been days when she had hundreds of stickers, and I do mean hundreds. She got a sticker book for Christmas that contained 700 stickers, and she used every one in about two days time.

If I felt overwhelmed, I cannot imagine how she feels. No wonder she plays instead.

"This is overwhelming," I said. "Maybe you have too many toys. If it is not special to you, it is just clutter. That means you should let it go and only keep those toys that are really, really special."

So when it came time to confiscate again, she began to tell me which toys are no longer special to her and which she would like to give away. With less toys in her room, the mess became more reasonable. That is, until last night.

M & R played in M's room during nap time rather than being in separate rooms like they normally are. It was something we allow every now and then as a special treat. The end result was that they unzipped M's bears and pulled out all the stuffing, which they strew all over the room (they told me they needed it because it was the ice for the game). On top of that, they took out all of the paper doll dresses (there seemed like 100's of them). So there was paper and stuffing plus all of the other normal stuff all over the floor in her room.

Nighttime came and they wanted another sleepover, and I said, "Okay, if you can get everything cleaned up, I would be willing to let you have a sleepover. I will set the timer for fifteen minutes."

Fifteen minutes later, they had not picked up anything. Well, they would not have their sleepover, but I thought I would let them break this job into smaller tasks and give them a second chance. I said, "Pick up all of the paper dolls, and I will be right back."

When I got back, they still had done nothing. I picked up little R and put her in her bed in her own room, and I shut M in her room. Both girls cried and fussed, and I walked away. If I had stayed, they would have thought that they could make me change my mind, and the temper tantrums would have continued.

I came back later, once all the crying and screaming was over. By then R was already asleep, and M, although still awake, was no longer crying.

"I did not want you to give me advice," she said, referring to my suggestion to start with the paper dolls. "I wanted you to help me."

"It is not my job to pick up your toys," I said. "I already do many things. I do the dishes, cook dinner, etc. For example, I made you special pancakes for dinner tonight. But the cleaning up the toys is your job. I expect you to do it."

"But it is too much for me," she complained.

"If it is too much, then you need to consider how not to make such a big mess," I said. Then I confiscated all of the paper dolls, the stuffing, and whatever else was left.

This path to autonomy has been a major struggle. I could have cleaned their rooms myself in 5 minutes, but how does that prepare them for being an adult? It is not my job as a parent to make these 3 little girls into my clones, to turn them into perfect little replicas of myself that do not think or function on their own. It is my job to give them the tools to think and do for themselves, to prepare them to function in society.

We have had problems in the past with the girls wasting supplies, not cleaning up, and leaving everything for us to do. Art supplies were left out. Markers were put away without their lids. All the foam and felt were cut up into tiny unusable pieces. And the playdough was all dried out.

So the last three months or so, this has been my focus in my homeschooling program: autonomy and self-discipline. And I have been using natural consequences to reinforce these lessons.

• If you cannot clean up the art supplies, you do not get to use the art supplies
• If you cannot clean up your plate off the table, you do not get to participate in whatever activity comes after the meal.
• If you cannot perform your morning routine, then you do not get to participate in the morning activities.
• If you cannot perform your evening routine, then you will not get your allowance, and you will not get a bedtime book or sleepover.
• If you cannot clean up your toys, then your toys will be confiscated.

The key to this is consistency. If you are not consistent with implementing the consequences, then they will not believe that there are consequences for their actions and that you will forget or will be too soft to stick with what you have said.

Early Reading Skills

Before M learned to read, she would pretend to read by retelling the story from memory. TJ was impressed, but I was frustrated because I knew she was not really reading.

Now she can read, so I have moved on to teaching R how to read using the book Teach Your Child to Read in 100 Easy Lessons. In conjunction with the reading lessons, I encourage her to tell me stories from books that we had just read. She is not comfortable with being put on the spot; she is so afraid to fail that she does not want to try. So I said, "Well, let's make up a story to go with these pictures." And that makes her feel more secure. She can make up the words rather than read it perfectly, and I get to see things from her perspective. I get to learn a little about her mind works, what parts of the story meant something to her, and how she sees the world around her.

R is a bit young, but she handles the reading lessons very well. She knows each of the individual sounds that have been covered so far, but anytime she is asked to string sounds together to sound out a word, she acts distracted or just plain refuses to cooperate, sticking her thumb in her mouth. I began to realize that this is purely because she wants to do it right the first time, and if she is not 100% confident that she does not know the answer, she does not want to try.

So I began to alter my approach just a little in order to remove all pressure from her. Whenever the reading lessons tell me to say, "Now you sound it out," I say, "Now we will sound it out." She can hear my voice as I blend the sounds, and she can blend her voice with mine. Suddenly her cooperation abounded, and when we are done with one lesson, she asks for another.

R sometimes feels shy and sometimes gets lost in the shuffle of a busy family. If TJ and I did not make the effort to single her out for special moments, she would never be heard. I do my lessons with her at bedtime as part of tucking her in, reading her stories, and giving her kisses. Since she has her own room now, there are no interruptions from her sisters, and I have the opportunity to talk to her and encourage her to open up.

Now I see that M's pretend reading was a great tool to build language skills, confidence, and self-esteem. Last night, I shuffled up R's nighttime routine a little, and all we did was read books together, encouraging her to talk as much as possible.